"""
The ANDES plotting tool.
"""
import logging
import math
import os
import re
import numpy as np
from andes.core.var import BaseVar
from andes.shared import mpl, plt, set_latex
logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
DPI = 100
[docs]class TDSData:
"""
A data container for loading and plotting results from Andes time-domain simulation.
"""
[docs] def __init__(self, full_name=None, mode='file', dae=None, path=None):
# paths and file names
self._mode = mode
self.full_name = full_name
self.dae = dae
self._path = path if path else os.getcwd()
self.file_name = None
self.file_ext = None
self._npy_file = None
self._lst_file = None
# data members for raw data
self._idx = [] # indices of variables
self._uname = [] # unformatted variable names
self._fname = [] # formatted variable names
self._data = [] # data loaded from file
# auxillary data members for fast query
self.t = []
self.nvars = 0 # total number of variables including `t`
if self._mode == 'file':
self._process_names()
self.load_lst()
self.load_npy_or_csv()
elif self._mode == 'memory':
self.load_dae()
self._process_names()
else:
raise NotImplementedError(f'Unknown mode {self._mode}.')
self._process_names()
def _process_names(self):
if self.full_name is None:
logger.info("Input file name not detected. Using `Untitled`.")
self.full_name = 'Untitled'
self.file_name = 'Untitled'
self.file_ext = ''
else:
self.file_name, self.file_ext = os.path.splitext(self.full_name)
self._npy_file = os.path.join(self._path, self.file_name + '.npy')
npz_path = os.path.join(self._path, self.file_name + '.npz')
if os.path.isfile(npz_path):
self._npy_file = npz_path
self._lst_file = os.path.join(self._path, self.file_name + '.lst')
self._csv_file = os.path.join(self._path, self.file_name + '.csv')
[docs] def load_dae(self):
"""Load from DAE time series"""
dae = self.dae
self.t = dae.ts.t
self.nvars = dae.n + dae.m + dae.o + 1
self._idx = list(range(self.nvars))
self._uname = ['Time [s]'] + dae.x_name + dae.y_name + dae.z_name
self._fname = ['Time [s]'] + dae.x_tex_name + dae.y_tex_name + dae.z_tex_name
self._data = dae.ts.txyz
if dae.system.files.lst is not None:
self.full_name = dae.system.files.lst
else:
self.full_name = dae.system.files.case
[docs] def load_lst(self):
"""
Load the lst file into internal data structures `_idx`, `_fname`, `_uname`, and counts the number of
variables to `nvars`.
Returns
-------
None
"""
with open(self._lst_file, 'r') as fd:
lines = fd.readlines()
idx, uname, fname = list(), list(), list()
for line in lines:
values = line.split(',')
values = [x.strip() for x in values]
# preserve the idx ordering here in case variables are not
# ordered by idx
idx.append(int(values[0])) # convert to integer
uname.append(values[1])
fname.append(values[2])
self._idx = idx
self._fname = fname
self._uname = uname
self.nvars = len(uname)
[docs] def find(self, query, exclude=None, formatted=False, idx_only=False):
"""
Return variable names and indices matching `query`.
Parameters
----------
query : str
The string for querying variables. Multiple conditions can be separated by comma without space.
exclude : str, optional
A string pattern to be excluded
formatted : bool, optional
True to return formatted names, False otherwise
idx_only : bool, optional
True if only return indices
Returns
-------
(list, list)
(List of found indices, list of found names)
"""
# load the variable list to search in
names = self._uname if formatted is False else self._fname
found_idx, found_names = list(), list()
query_list = query.split(',')
for idx, name in zip(self._idx, names):
for q in query_list:
if re.search(q, name):
if exclude and re.search(exclude, name):
continue
found_idx.append(idx)
found_names.append(name)
if idx_only:
return found_idx
else:
return found_idx, found_names
[docs] def load_npy_or_csv(self, delimiter=','):
"""
Load the npy, zpy or (the legacy) csv file into the
internal data structure `self._xy`.
Parameters
----------
delimiter : str, optional
The delimiter for the case file. Default to comma.
Returns
-------
None
"""
try:
data = np.load(self._npy_file)
if self._npy_file.endswith('npz'):
data = data['data']
except FileNotFoundError:
data = np.loadtxt(self._csv_file, delimiter=delimiter, skiprows=1)
self._data = data
[docs] def get_values(self, idx):
"""
Return the variable values at the given indices.
Parameters
----------
idx : list
The indicex of the variables to retrieve. `idx=0` is for Time. Variable indices start at 1.
Returns
-------
np.ndarray
Variable data
"""
return self._data[:, idx]
[docs] def export_csv(self, path=None, idx=None, header=None, formatted=False,
sort_idx=True, fmt='%.18e'):
"""
Export to a csv file.
Parameters
----------
path : str
path of the csv file to save
idx : None or array-like, optional
the indices of the variables to export. Export all by default
header : None or array-like, optional
customized header if not `None`. Use the names from the lst file
by default
formatted : bool, optional
Use LaTeX-formatted header. Does not apply when using customized
header
sort_idx : bool, optional
Sort by idx or not, # TODO: implement sort
fmt : str
cell formatter
"""
if not path:
path = self._csv_file
if not idx:
idx = self._idx
if not header:
header = self.get_header(idx, formatted=formatted)
if len(idx) != len(header):
raise ValueError("Idx length does not match header length")
body = self.get_values(idx)
with open(path, 'w') as fd:
fd.write(','.join(header) + '\n')
np.savetxt(fd, body, fmt=fmt, delimiter=',')
logger.info(f'CSV data saved to "{path}".')
[docs] def plot(self, yidx, xidx=(0,), *, a=None, ytimes=None, ycalc=None,
left=None, right=None, ymin=None, ymax=None,
xlabel=None, ylabel=None, xheader=None, yheader=None,
legend=None, grid=False, greyscale=False, latex=True,
dpi=DPI, line_width=1.0, font_size=12, savefig=None, save_format=None, show=True,
title=None, linestyles=None, use_bqplot=False,
hline1=None, hline2=None, vline1=None, vline2=None, hline=None, vline=None,
fig=None, ax=None, backend=None,
set_xlim=True, set_ylim=True, autoscale=False,
legend_bbox=None, legend_loc=None, legend_ncol=1,
figsize=None, color=None,
**kwargs):
"""
Entry function for plotting.
This function retrieves the x and y values based on the `xidx` and
`yidx` inputs, applies scaling functions `ytimes` and `ycalc` sequentially,
and delegates the plotting to the backend.
Parameters
----------
yidx : list or int
The indices for the y-axis variables
xidx : tuple or int, optional
The index for the x-axis variable
a : tuple or list, optional
The 0-indexed sub-indices into `yidx` to plot.
ytimes : float, optional
A scaling factor to apply to all y values.
left : float
The starting value of the x axis
right : float
The ending value of the x axis
ymin : float
The minimum value of the y axis
ymax : float
The maximum value of the y axis
ylabel : str
Text label for the y axis
yheader : list
A list containing the variable names for the y-axis variable
title : str
Title string to be shown at the top
fig
Existing figure object to draw the axis on.
ax
Existing axis object to draw the lines on.
Other Parameters
----------------
ycalc: callable, optional
A callable to apply to all y values after scaling with `ytimes`.
xlabel : str
Text label for the x axis
xheader : list
A list containing the variable names for the x-axis variable
legend : bool
True to show legend and False otherwise
legend_ncol : int
Number of columns in legend
legend_bbox : tuple of two floats
legend box to anchor
grid : bool
True to show grid and False otherwise
latex : bool
True to enable latex and False to disable
greyscale : bool
True to use greyscale, False otherwise
savefig : bool or str
True to save to png figure file.
str is treated as the output file name.
save_format : str
File extension string (pdf, png or jpg) for the savefig format
dpi : int
Dots per inch for screen print or save.
`savefig` uses a minimum of 200 dpi
line_width : float
Plot line width
font_size : float
Text font size (labels and legends)
figsize : tuple
Figure size passed when creating new figure
show : bool
True to show the image
backend : str or None
`bqplot` to use the bqplot backend in notebook.
None for matplotlib.
hline1: float, optional
Dashed horizontal line 1
hline2: float, optional
Dashed horizontal line 2
vline1: float, optional
Dashed horizontal line 1
vline2: float, optional
Dashed vertical line 2
hline: float or Iterable
y-axis location of horizontal line(s)
vline: float or Iterable
x-axis location of vertical line(s)
Returns
-------
(fig, ax)
Figure and axis handles for matplotlib backend.
fig
Figure object for bqplot backend.
"""
if self._mode == 'memory':
if isinstance(yidx, BaseVar):
if yidx.n == 0:
logger.error(f"Variable <{yidx.name}> contains no values.")
return
offs = 1
if yidx.v_code == 'y':
offs += self.dae.n
yidx = yidx.a + offs
if a is not None:
yidx = np.take(yidx, a)
xvalue = self.get_values(xidx)
yvalue = self.get_values(yidx)
# header: names for variables
# axis labels: the texts next to axes
if not xheader:
xheader = self.get_header(xidx, formatted=latex)
if not yheader:
yheader = self.get_header(yidx, formatted=latex)
# process `ytimes`
if ytimes is not None:
ytimes = float(ytimes)
if ytimes != 1.0:
yvalue = scale_func(ytimes)(yvalue)
# call `ycalc` on `yvalue`
if ycalc is not None:
yvalue = ycalc(yvalue)
plot_call = self.get_call(backend)
return plot_call(xdata=xvalue, ydata=yvalue,
left=left, right=right, ymin=ymin, ymax=ymax,
xheader=xheader, yheader=yheader, xlabel=xlabel, ylabel=ylabel,
legend=legend, grid=grid, greyscale=greyscale, latex=latex,
dpi=dpi, line_width=line_width, font_size=font_size,
savefig=savefig, save_format=save_format, show=show, title=title,
hline1=hline1, hline2=hline2, vline1=vline1, vline2=vline2,
fig=fig, ax=ax, linestyles=linestyles,
set_xlim=set_xlim, set_ylim=set_ylim, autoscale=autoscale,
legend_bbox=legend_bbox, legend_loc=legend_loc, legend_ncol=legend_ncol,
figsize=figsize, hline=hline, vline=vline, color=color,
**kwargs)
[docs] def get_call(self, backend=None):
"""
Get the internal `plot_data` function for the specified backend.
"""
if backend == 'bqplot':
return self.bqplot_data
return self.plot_data
[docs] def data_to_df(self):
"""Convert to pandas.DataFrame"""
pass
[docs] def guess_event_time(self):
"""
Guess the event starting time from the input data by checking
when the values start to change
"""
pass
[docs] def bqplot_data(self, xdata, ydata, *, xheader=None, yheader=None, xlabel=None, ylabel=None,
left=None, right=None, ymin=None, ymax=None, legend=True, grid=False, fig=None,
dpi=DPI, line_width=1.0, greyscale=False, savefig=None, save_format=None,
title=None,
**kwargs):
"""
Plot with ``bqplot``. Experimental and incomplete.
"""
from bqplot import pyplot as plt
if not isinstance(ydata, np.ndarray):
raise TypeError("ydata must be numpy array. Retrieve with `get_values()`.")
if ydata.ndim == 1:
ydata = ydata.reshape((-1, 1))
if fig is None:
fig = plt.figure(dpi=dpi)
plt.plot(xdata, ydata.transpose(),
linewidth=line_width,
figure=fig,
)
if yheader:
plt.label(yheader)
if title:
plt.title(title)
plt.show()
return fig
[docs] def plot_data(self, xdata, ydata, *, xheader=None, yheader=None, xlabel=None, ylabel=None, linestyles=None,
left=None, right=None, ymin=None, ymax=None, legend=None, grid=False, fig=None, ax=None,
latex=True, dpi=DPI, line_width=1.0, font_size=12, greyscale=False, savefig=None,
save_format=None, show=True, title=None,
hline1=None, hline2=None, vline1=None, hline=None, vline=None,
vline2=None, set_xlim=True, set_ylim=True, autoscale=False, figsize=None,
legend_bbox=None, legend_loc=None, legend_ncol=1,
mask=True, color=None,
**kwargs):
"""
Plot lines for the supplied data and options.
This functions takes `xdata` and `ydata` values.
If you provide variable indices instead of values, use `plot()`.
See the argument lists of `plot()` for more.
Parameters
----------
xdata : array-like
An array-like object containing the values for the x-axis variable
ydata : array
An array containing the values of each variables for the y-axis variable. The row
of `ydata` must match the row of `xdata`. Each column correspondings to a variable.
mask : bool
If enabled (1), when specifying axis limits, only data in the limits will be
used for plotting to optimize for autoscaling.
It is done through an index mask.
Returns
-------
(fig, ax)
The figure and axis handles
Examples
--------
To plot the results of arithmetic calculation of variables, retrieve the values,
do the calculation, and plot with `plot_data`.
>>> v = ss.dae.ts.y[:, ss.PVD1.v.a]
>>> Ipcmd = ss.dae.ts.y[:, ss.PVD1.Ipcmd_y.a]
>>> t = ss.dae.ts.t
>>> ss.TDS.plt.plot_data(t, v * Ipcmd,
>>> xlabel='Time [s]',
>>> ylabel='Ipcmd [pu]')
"""
mpl.rc('font', family='serif', size=font_size)
if not isinstance(ydata, np.ndarray):
raise TypeError("ydata must be a numpy array. Retrieve with get_values().")
if ydata.ndim == 1:
ydata = ydata.reshape((-1, 1))
n_lines = ydata.shape[1]
if latex:
set_latex()
if isinstance(color, (str, float, int)):
color = [color] * n_lines
elif color is None:
color = [None] * n_lines
# set default x min based on simulation time
if not left:
left = xdata[0] - 1e-6
if not right:
right = xdata[-1] + 1e-6
if not linestyles:
linestyles = ['-', '--', '-.', ':']
linestyles = linestyles * int(n_lines / len(linestyles) + 1)
if fig is None or ax is None:
fig = plt.figure(dpi=dpi, figsize=figsize)
ax = plt.gca()
if greyscale:
plt.gray()
if mask is True:
mask = (xdata >= (left - 0.1)) & (xdata <= (right + 0.1))
xdata = xdata[mask]
ydata = ydata[mask.reshape(-1, )]
for i in range(n_lines):
ax.plot(xdata,
ydata[:, i],
ls=linestyles[i],
label=yheader[i] if yheader else None,
linewidth=line_width,
color=color[i],
)
if xlabel is not None:
ax.set_xlabel(xlabel)
elif xheader is not None and len(xheader) > 0:
ax.set_xlabel(xheader[0])
if ylabel:
ax.set_ylabel(ylabel)
ax.ticklabel_format(useOffset=False)
if set_xlim is True:
ax.set_xlim(left=left, right=right)
if set_ylim is True:
ax.set_ylim(bottom=ymin, top=ymax)
if autoscale is True:
ax.autoscale(axis='y')
if grid:
ax.grid(True, linestyle='--')
if yheader is None:
legend = False
elif legend is None:
if len(yheader) <= 8:
legend = True
if legend:
ax.legend(bbox_to_anchor=legend_bbox,
loc=legend_loc,
ncol=legend_ncol,
frameon=False,
)
if title:
ax.set_title(title)
# --- process hlines and vlines
if hline1 or hline2 or vline1 or vline2:
logger.warning("hline1, hline2, vline1, and vline2 are deprecated. Use `hline` and `vline`.")
if isinstance(hline, (float, int, np.floating, np.integer)):
hline = [hline]
elif isinstance(hline, tuple):
hline = list(hline)
elif hline is None:
hline = []
if isinstance(vline, (float, int, np.floating, np.integer)):
vline = [vline]
elif isinstance(vline, tuple):
vline = list(vline)
elif vline is None:
vline = []
# process the legacy hline1, hline2, and vline1 and vline2
if hline1:
hline.append(hline1)
if hline2:
hline.append(hline2)
if vline1:
vline.append(vline1)
if vline2:
vline.append(vline2)
for loc in hline:
ax.axhline(y=loc, linewidth=1, ls=':', color='grey')
for loc in vline:
ax.axvline(x=loc, linewidth=1, ls=':', color='grey')
# --- hline and vline finished ---
plt.draw()
if savefig:
if save_format is None:
save_format = 'png'
if dpi is None:
dpi = 200
else:
dpi = max(dpi, 200)
# use supplied file name
if isinstance(savefig, str):
outfile = savefig + '.' + save_format
# or generate a new name
else:
count = 1
while True:
outfile = f'{self.file_name}_{count}.{save_format}'
if not os.path.isfile(outfile):
break
count += 1
fig.savefig(outfile, dpi=dpi, bbox_inches='tight')
logger.info('Figure saved to "%s".', outfile)
if show:
plt.show()
return fig, ax
[docs] def plotn(self, nrows: int, ncols: int, yidxes, xidxes=None, *, dpi=DPI, titles=None,
a=None, figsize=None, xlabel=None, ylabel=None, sharex=None, sharey=None, show=True,
xlabel_offs=(0.5, 0.01), ylabel_offs=(0.05, 0.5), hspace=0.2, wspace=0.2,
**kwargs):
"""
Plot multiple subfigures in one figure.
Parameters ``xidxes``, ``a``, ``xlabels`` and ``ylabels``, if provided,
must have the same length as ``yidxes``.
Parameters
----------
nrows : int
number of rows
ncols : int
number of cols
yidx
A list of `BaseVar` or index lists.
"""
nyidxes = len(yidxes)
if nyidxes > nrows * ncols:
raise ValueError("yidxes with length %d does not fit nrows=%d and ncols=%d",
nyidxes, nrows, ncols)
fig = plt.figure(figsize=figsize, dpi=dpi)
xidx = (0,)
aidx = None
title = ''
sharex = True if (sharex is None and ncols == 1) else False
sharey = True if (sharey is None and nrows == 1) else False
axes = fig.subplots(nrows, ncols, sharex=sharex, sharey=sharey, squeeze=False)
ii = 0
for jj in range(nrows):
for kk in range(ncols):
if ii >= nyidxes:
break
yidx = yidxes[ii]
ax = axes[jj, kk]
if xidxes is not None:
xidx = xidxes[ii]
if a is not None:
aidx = a[ii]
if titles is not None:
title = titles[ii]
fig, ax = self.plot(yidx, xidx, a=aidx, fig=fig, ax=ax,
xlabel='', ylabel='', title=title,
show=False, **kwargs)
ii += 1
if xlabel:
fig.text(*xlabel_offs, xlabel, ha='center', va='center')
if ylabel:
fig.text(*ylabel_offs, ylabel, ha='center', va='center', rotation='vertical')
fig.subplots_adjust(hspace=hspace, wspace=wspace,)
if show:
plt.show()
return fig, axes
[docs] def panoview(self, mdl, *, ncols=3, vars=None, idx=None, a=None, figsize=None, **kwargs):
"""
Panoramic view of variables of a given model instance.
Select variables through ``vars``. Select devices through ``idx`` or ``a``,
which has a higher priority.
This function also takes other arguments recognizable by ``self.plot``.
Parameters
----------
mdl : ModelBase
Model instance
ncol : int
Number of columns
var : list of str
A list of variable names to display
idx : list
A list of device idx-es for showing
a : list of int
A list of device 0-based positions for showing
figsize : tuple
Figure size for plotting
Examples
--------
To plot ``omega`` and ``delta`` of GENROUs ``GENROU_1`` and ``GENROU_2``:
.. code-block :: python
system.TDS.plt.plot(system.GENROU,
vars=['omega', 'delta'],
idx=['GENROU_1', 'GENROU_2'])
"""
# `a` takes precedece over `idx`
if a is None:
a = mdl.idx2uid(idx)
# compute the number of rows and cols
states = list()
algebs = list()
states_and_ext = mdl.cache.states_and_ext
algebs_and_ext = mdl.cache.algebs_and_ext
if vars is None:
states = states_and_ext.values()
algebs = algebs_and_ext.values()
else:
for item in vars:
if item in states_and_ext:
states.append(states_and_ext[item])
elif item in algebs_and_ext:
algebs.append(algebs_and_ext[item])
else:
logger.warning("Variable <%s> does not exist in model <%s>",
item, mdl.class_name)
nstates = len(states)
nalgebs = len(algebs)
nrows_states = math.ceil(nstates / ncols)
nrows_algebs = math.ceil(nalgebs / ncols)
# build canvas
if figsize is None:
figsize = (3 * ncols, 2 * (nrows_states + nrows_algebs))
fig, axes = plt.subplots(nrows_states + nrows_algebs, ncols,
figsize=figsize, dpi=DPI, squeeze=False,
)
fig.tight_layout()
# turn off unused axes
if nstates % ncols != 0:
for i in range(nstates % ncols, ncols):
axes[nrows_states-1, i].axis('off')
if nalgebs % ncols != 0:
for i in range(nalgebs % ncols, ncols):
axes[-1, i].axis('off')
# plot states
for ii, item in enumerate(states):
row_no = math.floor(ii / ncols)
col_no = ii % ncols
self.plot(item, a=a,
title=f'${item.tex_name}$',
xlabel='',
fig=fig, ax=axes[row_no, col_no], show=False, **kwargs)
# plot algebs
for ii, item in enumerate(algebs):
row_no = math.floor(ii / ncols) + nrows_states
col_no = ii % ncols
self.plot(item, a=a,
title=f'${item.tex_name}$',
xlabel='',
fig=fig, ax=axes[row_no, col_no], show=False, **kwargs)
return fig, axes
[docs]def parse_y(y, upper, lower=0):
"""
Parse command-line input for Y indices and return a list of indices
Parameters
----------
y : Union[List, Set, Tuple]
Input for Y indices. Could be single item (with or without colon), or
multiple items
upper : int
Upper limit. In the return list y, y[i] <= uppwer.
lower : int
Lower limit. In the return list y, y[i] >= lower.
Returns
-------
"""
if len(y) == 1:
if y[0].count(':') >= 3:
logger.error('Index format not acceptable. Must not contain more than three colons.')
return []
elif y[0].count(':') == 0:
if isint(y[0]):
y[0] = int(y[0])
return y
elif y[0].count(':') == 1:
if y[0].endswith(':'):
y[0] += str(upper)
if y[0].startswith(':'):
y[0] = str(lower) + y[0]
elif y[0].count(':') == 2:
if y[0].endswith(':'):
y[0] += str(1)
if y[0].startswith(':'):
y[0] = str(lower) + y[0]
if y[0].count('::') == 1:
y[0] = y[0].replace('::', ':{}:'.format(upper))
print(y)
y = y[0].split(':')
for idx, item in enumerate(y[:]):
try:
y[idx] = int(item)
except ValueError:
logger.warning(f'y contains non-numerical values <{item}>. Parsing cannot proceed.')
return []
y_from_range = list(range(*y))
y_in_range = []
for item in y_from_range:
if lower <= item < upper:
y_in_range.append(item)
return y_in_range
else:
y_to_int = []
for idx, val in enumerate(y):
try:
y_to_int.append(int(val))
except ValueError:
logger.warning('Y indices contains non-numerical values. Skipped <{}>.'.format(val))
y_in_range = [item for item in y_to_int if lower <= item < upper]
return list(y_in_range)
[docs]def eig_plot(name, args):
fullpath = os.path.join(name, '.txt')
raw_data = []
started = 0
fid = open(fullpath)
for line in fid.readline():
if '#1' in line:
started = 1
elif 'PARTICIPATION FACTORS' in line:
started = -1
if started == 1:
raw_data.append(line)
elif started == -1:
break
fid.close()
for line in raw_data:
# data = line.split()
# TODO: complete this function
pass
[docs]def tdsplot(filename, y, x=(0,),
to_csv=False,
find=None,
xargs=None,
exclude=None,
**kwargs):
"""
TDS plot main function based on the new TDSData class.
Parameters
----------
filename : str
Path to the ANDES TDS output data file. Works without extension.
x : list or int, optional
The index for the x-axis variable. x=0 by default for time
y : list or int
The indices for the y-axis variable
to_csv : bool
True if need to export to a csv file
find : str, optional
if not none, specify the variable name to find
xargs : str, optional
similar to find, but return the result indices with file name, x idx name for xargs
exclude : str, optional
variable name pattern to exclude
Returns
-------
TDSData object
"""
# single data file
if len(filename) == 1:
tds_data = TDSData(filename[0])
if to_csv is True:
tds_data.export_csv()
return
if find is not None:
out = tds_data.find(query=find, exclude=exclude)
print(out)
return
if xargs is not None:
out = tds_data.find(query=xargs, exclude=exclude, idx_only=True)
out = [str(i) for i in out]
print(filename[0] + ' 0 ' + ' '.join(out))
return
if len(y) == 0:
logger.error('Must specify Y indices to plot.')
return
y_num = parse_y(y, lower=0, upper=tds_data.nvars)
tds_data.plot(xidx=x, yidx=y_num, **kwargs)
return tds_data
else:
raise NotImplementedError("Plotting multiple data files are not supported yet")
[docs]def isfloat(value):
try:
float(value)
return True
except ValueError:
return False
[docs]def isint(value):
try:
int(value)
return True
except ValueError:
return False
[docs]def scale_func(k):
"""
Return a lambda function that scales its input by k
Parameters
----------
k : float
The scaling factor of the returned lambda function
Returns
-------
Lambda function
"""
return lambda y_values_input: k * y_values_input
[docs]def label_latexify(label):
"""
Convert a label to latex format by appending surrounding $ and escaping spaces
Parameters
----------
label : str
The label string to be converted to latex expression
Returns
-------
str
A string with $ surrounding
"""
return '$' + label.replace(' ', r'\ ') + '$'